Editorial standards & methodology
Who runs this
Blockchain Research is an educational project of the Mashiyu Foundation. The Foundation is also associated with Vexidus, an L1 blockchain that appears in our comparisons. We disclose that relationship plainly: Vexidus is listed as one row among its peers, measured with the same methodology as every other chain, and clearly marked as testnet-stage. We publish no price talk, no token promotion, and no calls-to-action. If our inclusion of Vexidus ever reads as favourable treatment rather than neutral data, we have failed our own standard — tell us.
How we source data
Every numeric figure is researched from primary or well-regarded sources — chain explorers and
official docs, plus aggregators such as chainspect, L2BEAT, and DefiLlama — and the sources are
listed on each chain's page. Where we cannot find a reliable current source for a figure, we
leave it blank (—) rather than estimate. A blank is honest; an invented number is not.
Every row carries a last verified date,
and we re-verify on a regular cadence because these figures drift.
What the numbers mean
- Observed TPS is realistic sustained throughput (typically a recent live snapshot), not a theoretical maximum. Theoretical TPS is the claimed ceiling and is shown separately so the two are never conflated.
- Finality for optimistic rollups is practical/economic finality, not the full multi-day challenge window.
- Validator count means different things across designs — proof-of-stake validators, stake pools, or a single centralized sequencer — so we show it on detail pages with context and do not rank chains by it.
- Fees are typical/median per-transaction costs in USD and are volatile day to day.
- Testnet-stage chains carry a Testnet badge; their figures are self-reported and not third-party verified.
Corrections
If a figure is wrong or stale, we want to fix it. Comparison tables are only worth citing if they are correct, so corrections are welcome and credited.